In recent years, with the rapid increase in power density of devices such as automobiles and electronics, thermal management has transformed from a supporting role into a key technology determining performance and reliability. Thermal management encompasses multiple approaches, including passive heat conduction, air cooling and liquid cooling, phase change technology, and novel materials, with applications spanning consumer electronics, data centers, electric vehicle batteries, and aerospace. In many high-power systems, thermal management has become a major bottleneck limiting performance, lifespan, and safety.
Data centers are adopting immersion/liquid cooling on a large scale to cope with the high heat flux density of AI chips. Immersion battery cooling and cold plate technologies are being introduced in automotive and heavy-duty applications to improve fast charging and safety. Carbon nanomaterials and graphene-based thermal interface materials have achieved significant improvements in thermal conductivity. Simultaneously, several structural and manufacturing breakthroughs have emerged, including three-dimensionally bendable 3D-bonded heat pipes, ultra-thin vapor chambers, and low-temperature grown diamond films, representing both academic and industrial achievements. These advancements are transforming thermal management from a "heat dissipation component" into a system-level engineering discipline that integrates materials, structure, and control.
According to industry statistics, the global thermal management market size exceeded several hundred billion US dollars in 2025, with data centers and new energy vehicles being the main drivers of growth. Meanwhile, standards and regulations are accelerating the implementation of high-temperature water cooling, waste heat utilization, and low-GWP refrigerants. Future trends focus on "embedded/miniaturized systems, AI-driven dynamic thermal control, and low-carbon process and material alternatives." It is recommended to pay attention to this year's industry exhibitions to obtain more direct, first-hand technology and supply chain information.
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